To measure consumption, smokers were asked how many cigarettes either factory-made or hand-rolled they smoked in a typical day, week, or month, depending on their response to questions on frequency of smoking. Participants could check all reasons that applied. YouGov employ an active sampling method, drawing a subsample from their panel that is intended to be representative of the target sample.
Randomly selected panel members were invited by e-mail to participate in this survey, with a link provided to do so; only those invited to participate could do so, and they were not informed in the e-mail invite about the topic area so as to minimize opt-out on this basis.
A total of invitations were sent to smokers whose profiling data matched the recruitment criteria. Of the who clicked on the survey link, were screened out as they indicated that they did not meet the inclusion criteria, ie, that they smoked cigarettes in the last 3 months. Of the who completed the survey, there were noncompleters, and were removed by YouGov for data quality issues eg, straight-lining, or completing the survey in less than half the average median time , leaving participants.
An information page was provided at the start of the survey, and explicit consent was required before participation. For characteristics of the analytic sample, see Table 2. Descriptive data were weighted by age, gender, government office region, and tobacco consumption to reflect smokers in the United Kingdom.
Logistic regression was used to estimate associations between preference for brands with capsules [smoke a capsule brand 1 vs. For smokers of capsule brands, logistic regression assessed associations between frequency of crushing the capsule [always or most of the time 1 vs. Variables included in each model were gender, age, social grade, ethnicity, HSI, and plans to quit in the next 6 months. This enabled each category of the predictor variable, with the exception of the first, to be compared with the average effect of the previous categories.
For example, 25—year olds were compared with 18—year olds, 35—year olds were compared with 18—year olds, etc. Logistic regression was run on unweighted data as the models controlled for demographic and smoking-related variables.
A Mann—Whitney U test was used to examine whether capsule users differed from noncapsule users in their perceptions of the harm from their brand of cigarettes. This was run on weighted data as no other variables were being controlled for.
Table 2 shows the characteristics for the analytic sample. The overall mean HSI was 1. Thirteen percent indicated that they smoked a capsule brand. When demographic and smoking-related variables were controlled for, prevalence of capsule use did not differ significantly by gender, social grade, or HSI Table 2.
Perceptions of harm did not differ significantly among capsule and noncapsule smokers. We found that approximately one in eight past month factory-made cigarette smokers in our sample preferred a brand with a flavor capsule in the filter. Tobacco companies highlight innovation as instrumental to their continued success 19 and point to flavor capsules as an innovation driving growth around the world.
While we never specifically explored the factors underlying crushing the capsule, and future research doing so would be of value, in terms of women being more likely than men to crush the capsule more frequently, qualitative research in Scotland found that young women perceived capsule cigarettes to be fresher on their breath and have a less aversive and better disguised smell 11 ; sensory characteristics such as aroma have been linked to appeal for women.
We found that taste, choice of flavors, and enjoyment of clicking the capsule were the most prominent reasons for smoking capsule cigarettes. These results are generally consistent with tobacco industry reports which suggest that the main appeal of these products is a combination of taste, control, and personalization. With respect to the enjoyment of clicking the capsule, this type of interactivity has been previously found to appeal to, or be targeted toward, young adults.
We did not find any evidence that capsule use was related to perceptions of reduced harm, 23 consistent with qualitative research in Scotland 12 and a survey in the United States, 17 but not with a different survey in Mexico and the United States.
A perception that capsules were smoother on the airways was the second most common reason for using these products, and it may be that this smoothness provides a subconscious sensation of reduced harm, which may appeal to those who intend to quit but are looking for reassurances about the harms from smoking. Our study provides some evidence for this, given that having a choice of flavors and the enjoyment of clicking the capsule were key reasons for use.
Despite the global success of flavored capsule cigarettes, few countries regulate their sale or ban flavored tobacco products. Articles 9 and 10 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control FCTC recommend a ban on flavors as they help increase the attractiveness and palatability of tobacco products 28 ; our findings provide some support for this.
In terms of limitations, while our sample was weighted to represent the national profile of smokers aged 16 and over in the United Kingdom, the YouGov panel may not be representative of the general population of smokers.
For online panels, disparities in internet access are likely to lead to an under-representation of smokers from lower socioeconomic groups, among whom smoking is disproportionately concentrated, and also older aged participants, although this group typically have the lowest smoking rates. Future studies are needed to assess whether the appeal of this product is particularly strong among adolescents, as found in other countries. To defend market shares and capture new markets, innovation and providing consumers with more choice are considered increasingly important for tobacco companies.
For instance, while we focused exclusively on factory-made cigarette smokers, given that there were no capsule brands of rolling tobacco on the UK market, capsule filters for rolling tobacco will almost certainly be introduced to the United Kingdom or other markets in the near future, with make your own cigarette tubes with filter capsules already available in some markets. Beyond capsules in the filter, a recent patent assigned to Philip Morris, United States is for a cigarette with a strip of microcapsules on the filter, where these can be peeled or scratched to release an odorant.
Canadian Cancer Society. Ontario, Canada : Canadian Cancer Society ; Accessed December 2, Google Scholar. Google Preview. Walker G. Keep calm and carry on. Convenience Store. Tobacco: Playing the numbers game. Lawson K. The history of cigarette capsule filter. Gray A. Palatability Purcell. RIS tobacco product content regulation. PJ HybridGold-Fresh manufactured by Philip Morris in Korea, and sold in Tasmania October The Commonwealth government has released, as a result of an FOI request, documents relating to the palatability of cigarettes and the potential to regulate tobacco products.
Regarding the gas-phase smoke constituents, it was found that the delivery of lipophilic volatiles was reduced when the capsule was crushed. Delivery of the other measured gas-phase components remained unaffected.
The results from investigations performed in this study did not show any meaningful increase in the yield of smoke constituents listed by Health Canada as a result of crushing the menthol capsule in the cigarette filter. Cigarettes were made to king size KS specifications cigarette circumference, Figure 1.
Ratios of yields of smoke constituents of prototype P smoked with the capsule uncrushed to respective yields of the noncapsule-containing prototype P solid squares. Figure 2. Ratios of yields of smoke constituents of prototypes smoked with the capsule crushed to respective yields of the same prototypes smoked with the capsule uncrushed solid squares. Reported are the means standard deviation. NQ, not quantifiable. All yields were determined according to the ISO smoking regimen within the same smoking block.
For the 3R4F monitor cigarette, the means standard deviation, sample size are reported. Figure 3. Ratios of yields of smoke constituents of a Marlboro Gold Beyond cigarette brand smoked with the capsule crushed to respective yields of the same cigarette brand smoked with the capsule uncrushed solid squares.
Figure 4. Ratios of yields of smoke constituents from all market brands, smoked crushed as a percentage of uncrushed. Yields are TPM-normalized on the top and nicotine-normalized on the bottom. Figure 5. Results obtained using Health Canada-recommended determination methods for Camel Crush in the present study. Error bars show the standard deviation. We thank Dr. Guido Janeke for his thorough advice and support during the study and the preparation of this manuscript. View Author Information.
E-mail: [email protected]. Cite this: Chem. ACS AuthorChoice. Article Views Altmetric -. Citations Abstract High Resolution Image. This innovative cigarette design enables the consumer to release menthol at any time during smoking by crushing the capsule. The scope of the present work was aimed at investigating whether smoke chemistry could be altered when a menthol-containing capsule is crushed in a filter.
Theoretically, releasing the liquid contents of a capsule by crushing it could have an impact on air flow dynamics or on the functioning of a cigarette filter.
For instance, it has been shown that the filter retention of phenolic compounds can be substantially changed by varying the level of triacetin added as a plasticizer to the cellulose acetate. Recently, a report concluded that cigarettes with menthol capsules in the filter are more hazardous than regular menthol cigarettes.
The present study includes the assessment of a set of prototype cigarettes designed to determine the relative impact of different construction parameters on menthol delivery using generally accepted methods, namely, the methods to be used for the yearly reporting of brands on the Canadian market to Health Canada. In addition, smoke deliveries from a set of capsule-containing brands representative of the different types of such products marketed worldwide were tested both with the capsule crushed and uncrushed to validate our conclusions.
A number of prototypes were produced, targeting cigarettes with 6-mg and mg ISO tar deliveries, in order to investigate the mechanisms underlying possible changes in the smoke constituents deliveries induced by crushing a menthol capsule inside a cigarette filter. Filter rods with menthol capsules positioned at predetermined intervals are prepared by precise adjustment of the feed rate of the filter tow and the timing of capsules injection into the tow web.
This protocol offered the possibility to compare mainstream smoke composition of matching cigarettes containing no flavor capsule in the filter, an intact capsule, or a crushed capsule. Construction details for the entire set of prototypes are listed in Table 1. Table 1. Prototype Designs for Mechanistic Investigations a. A set of commercial cigarette brands containing a menthol capsule was selected to take into account the major possible sources of variability in design and construction.
In March, , cigarette products from different international manufacturers were purchased from retail outlets in several countries where capsule-containing products are marketed. Nine brands were selected: three from British American Tobacco plc. JT , one from the R. The selected brands spanned a wide range of design features.
Three of the nine brands contained menthol in the cut filler, in addition to a menthol capsule in the cigarette filter. Among the other six brands, three contained a charcoal filter. Brand name, country of origin, manufacturer, and ISO tar level of all selected brands are listed in Table 2.
Table 2. Cigarette resistance to draw RTD and ventilation were measured before and after rupture of the capsule to assess possible alterations of filter performance.
Smoking of the cigarettes and mainstream smoke trapping and analyses were contracted to an external accredited laboratory, Labstat International ULC Canada.
Cigarettes were machine-smoked according to the ISO standard of one mL puff taken over 2 s every minute. This standard differs from the ISO standard in an increased puff volume of 55 mL, a puffing frequency of 2 puffs per minute, and the additional provision that the cigarette ventilation holes are blocked. The capsule-containing cigarettes were smoked with capsules crushed and uncrushed. In order to minimize the variability possibly associated with the release of the contents of the capsule, the capsules were crushed using a mechanical device.
A lever, perpendicular to the cigarette axis, was lowered onto the immobilized cigarettes so as to press the filter at the capsule location. The movement was blocked when the lever intrusion into the filter reached a preset value, usually 3 mm. For analytical purposes, cigarette smoke can be separated into the particulate phase, matter which remains on a Cambridge filter pad after passing smoke through it, and the gas-vapor phase, matter which passes through the Cambridge filter pad.
In the present study, total particulate matter TPM was collected on a Cambridge glass-fiber filter CF and determined gravimetrically. Tar yield was calculated as TPM yield minus nicotine and water yields. Carbon monoxide was determined by nondispersive infrared photometry. Cigarette mainstream smoke deliveries were assessed for the 46 compounds that were selected by Health Canada, 20 following the Health Canada-recommended methods 21 see Table 3 for method references and number of replicates.
These methods have been extensively tested and validated and are currently a recognized standard mandated by the Canadian regulatory authorities.
Briefly, carbonyl compounds were trapped and derivatized by passing unfiltered smoke through two impinger traps containing pyridine-stabilized 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in acetonitrile. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, propionaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, methyl ethyl ketone, and butyraldehyde were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection HPLC-UV.
Trapping efficiency was notably found to be very good with this sampling train. Semivolatile hydrocarbons were trapped on a CF followed by 2 cryogenic traps containing methanol. Ammonia was trapped by two impingers containing an acidic solution and a CF in series, and quantification was done by cation-exchange HPLC.
Hydrogen cyanide was trapped on a conditioned CF followed by an impinger containing 0. Aromatic amines were extracted from sampled TPM with an acidic solution that was neutralized and counter-extracted with hexane, using D 9 aminobiphenyl as IS. The sample was then subjected to microwave digestion using a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids and hydrogen peroxide, and lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel, arsenic, and selenium were quantified using graphite furnace atomic absorption.
Table 3. Data analysis in the present study follows a descriptive approach, with the goal of comparing the yields of cigarettes smoked with the capsule crushed to the corresponding yields of cigarettes smoked with the capsule intact. Prototype cigarette smoke constituent yields are reported as pairs cigarettes smoked with the capsule crushed and with the capsule uncrushed expressed on a per cigarette basis, i.
The yields of one cigarette brand in the market sample are also presented on a per cigarette basis both under ISO and HCI machine-smoking conditions. Because of the large number of market brands, sample-averaged results are further presented. Moreover, because the yields of the different brands differ by as much as an order of magnitude, normalization was required.
Comparisons are done based on yields per unit weight TPM TPM basis as well as per unit weight nicotine nicotine basis. Results of a t -test for differences of the yields are presented. However, several limitations of the t -test applied to smoke constituent yield data have been discussed. To facilitate the presentation and interpretation of results, it is therefore necessary to set a scale to judge the magnitude of any difference.
One widely used complement to the t -test to achieve this objective is the statistical equivalence test. Food and Drug Administration-recommended standard for the pharmaceutical industry, 30, 31 and has gained wider adoption in medical, chemical, and other industrial applications.
In the present study, the approach was used in a descriptive manner. Comparisons for one brand Marlboro Gold Beyond on a cigarette basis smoked under ISO and HCI machine-smoking regimes were performed in the same way as that for the prototypes, described above. In order to describe the effects of crushing the menthol capsule on mainstream smoke deliveries within the market cigarette sample as a whole, it is necessary to account for the wide range of design features observed in the different brands.
Therefore, a blocked ANOVA approach 33 was adopted, whereby the variability in smoke constituent deliveries between the different cigarette brands was captured in block means, and the effect of crushing the capsule was tested as a within-block effect.
Before investigating the possible effects of crushing the capsule in the cigarette filter on mainstream smoke deliveries, the influence of introducing the capsule into the cigarette filter was investigated.
After the statutory ban on flavors in cigarettes other than menthol, use of flavored cigars increased dramatically, suggesting that the public health goals of the flavored cigarette ban may have been undermined by continued availability of these flavored cigars. Flavored mass-produced cigars and cigarillos are combusted tobacco products that can closely resemble cigarettes, pose many of the same public health problems, and are disproportionately popular among youth and other populations.
In , non-Hispanic Black high school students reported past day cigar smoking at levels twice as high as their White counterparts. Moreover, in , more young people tried a cigar every day than tried a cigarette.
The FDA, an agency within the U. Department of Health and Human Services, protects the public health by assuring the safety, effectiveness, and security of human and veterinary drugs, vaccines and other biological products for human use, and medical devices. For Immediate Release: April 29, Related Information. Inquiries Media: Alison Hunt
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