You can also suggest a primary source set topic or view resources for National History Day. Primary Source Sets. Latin American Revolutionaries. Show full overview. Time Period Revolution and the New Nation s. Subjects World History Law and Government. Secular Priest Jose Maria Morelos united the disparate separatist movements in as the Congress of Chilpancingo, which was also quelled, causing the movement to transform as a guerrilla effort lead by Vicente Guerrero.
Ultimately, independence was brought about with the aid of the Creole elites, who aligned themselves with the increasingly powerful insurgency. The Mexican Empire was established in , shifting to a federal republic in following internal conflict. Due to the strong Spanish military presence in Peru, de San Martin enlisted the aid of Simon Bolivar, who eventually forced him out of the effort, refusing to share leadership.
Independence was declared in while the decisive victory in the Battle of Ayacucho in finally decimated any remaining Spanish resistance. Anti-Spanish sentiments were arguably more prevalent in Venezuela than any other Latin American colony, with the failed uprising in , prior to the downfall of the Spanish Empire, supporting this.
The conflict proper began in as the Supreme Caracas Junta was established following the ousting of Vicente Emparan, the Captain General of Venezuela. This government was the first Spanish American colony to declare its independence. Despite this, one year after its formation, the government fell, weakened by the Caracas Earthquake and the subsequent Battle of La Victoria, which saw Spanish forces regain dominance.
This too did not last, due to a combination of internal unrest and a resurgent Spanish Royalist military. Venezuela separated from this union in , declaring itself a sovereign state.
While the monarchy remained intact following the devastating Napoleonic period, the Empire was left a shadow of its former self. The Spanish American Revolutions, — Norton, MacLachlan, Colin M. Imperialism and the Origins of Mexican Culture. Marquez, Gabriel Garcia. The General in His Labyrinth. Vintage, Maxwell, Kenneth R. Conflicts and Conspiracies: Brazil and Portugal, McEnroe, Sean F.
Institute of Latin American Studies, McKinley, Michelle A. Melton-Villanueva, Miriam. University of Arizona Press, Miki, Yuko. Monteiro, John M. Murillo, Dana Velasco. Murray, Pamela S. Naish, Paul D. Slavery and Silence: Latin America and the U.
Slave Debate. University of Pennsylvania Press, Nesvig, Martin Austin. Neufeld, Stephen B. The History of the Future in Colonial Mexico. Pardo, Osvaldo F. Honor and Personhood in Early Modern Mexico.
University of Michigan Press, Porter, Susie S. Prados de la Escosura, Leandro. Premo, Bianca. Racine, Karen. Rausch, Jane M. Markus Wiener, Richmond, Douglas W. University of Alabama Press, Ristow, Colby. Robins, Nicholas A. Rodriguez, Jaime E. The Independence of Spanish America. Roller, Heather F. Roybal, Karen R. Ruiz, Jason. Russell-Wood, John, ed. John Hopkins University Press, Sabato, Hilda. Salcedo-Bastardo, J. Bolivar: A Continent and Its Destiny. Richmond Publishing, Sarzynski, Sarah.
Schaefer, Timo H. He was appointed Protector of Peru. Both men had very different ideas about how to organize the governments of the countries that they had liberated. Soon afterward, he left South America entirely and retired in France.
The real conference took place inside an office, and not in the countryside as the portrait suggests. Privacy Policy. Skip to main content. Change in the Americas. Search for:.
The South American Revolutions. The Spread of Revolution The Latin American Wars of Independence, which took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, were deeply influenced by the American and French Revolutions and resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in Latin America. Key Takeaways Key Points The revolutionary fervor of the 18th century, influenced by Enlightenment ideals of liberty and equality, resulted in massive political upheaval across the world, starting with the American Revolution in and the French Revolution in The principles expounded by the revolutionaries in Europe and their political success in overthrowing the autocratic rule of the monarchy inspired similar movements in Latin America, first in Haiti then the French colony of Saint Domingue , whose revolution began just two years after the start of the French Revolution.
At first, the white settler-colonists were inspired by the French Revolution to gain independent control over their colonies, but soon the revolution became centered on a slave-led rebellion against slavery and colonization, a trend that would continue throughout the America with varying degrees of success.
Soon after the French Revolution and its resulting political instability, Napoleon Bonaparte took power, further destabilizing the Latin American colonies and leading to more revolution. The Peninsular War, which resulted from the Napoleonic occupation of Spain, caused Spanish Creoles in Spanish America to question their allegiance to Spain, stoking independence movements that culminated in the wars of independence, which lasted almost two decades.
They were largely bourgeois criollos local-born people of European, mostly of Spanish or Portuguese, ancestry influenced by liberalism and in most cases with military training in the metropole mother country.
Napoleonic wars : A series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, primarily led and financed by the United Kingdom.
The wars resulted from the unresolved disputes associated with the French Revolution and the Revolutionary Wars, which raged for years before concluding with the Treaty of Amiens in The resumption of hostilities the following year paved the way for more than a decade of constant warfare. Haitian Revolution : A successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial insurrection that took place in the former French colony of Saint Domingue from until Throughout his military career, he also lead efforts to oust Spanish rulers from Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
The war started when French and Spanish armies invaded and occupied Portugal in , and escalated in when France turned on Spain, its previous ally. The war on the peninsula lasted until the Sixth Coalition defeated Napoleon in , and is regarded as one of the first wars of national liberation, significant for the emergence of large-scale guerrilla warfare.
Creole : A social class in the hierarchy of the overseas colonies established by Spain in the 16th century, especially in Hispanic America, comprising the locally born people of confirmed European primarily Spanish ancestry.
Although they were legally Spaniards, in practice, they ranked below the Iberian-born Peninsulares. Nevertheless, they had preeminence over all the other populations: Amerindians, enslaved Africans, and people of mixed descent. Gran Colombia : A name used today for the state that encompassed much of northern South America and part of southern Central America from to Today I cease to govern you.
I have served you for twenty years as soldier and leader. During this long period we have taken back our country, liberated three republics, fomented many civil wars, and four times I have returned to the people their omnipotence, convening personally four constitutional congresses.
These services were inspired by your virtues, your courage, and your patriotism; mine is the great privilege of having governed you…. Gather around the constitutional congress. It represents the wisdom of the nation, the legitimate hope of the people, and the final point of reunion of the patriots.
Its sovereign decrees will determine our lives, the happiness of the Republic, and the glory of Colombia. Fellow Countrymen! Hear my final plea as I end my political career; in the name of Colombia I ask you, beg you, to remain united, lest you become the assassins of the country and your own executioners. Learning Objectives Identify Gran Colombia and the modern states it later became.
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