Mortality from measles is predominantly caused by complicating bacterial infections. Complications are likely to have developed if the fever does not drop within 1 or 2 days after the onset of the rash. Case fatality is 1—3 per cases and highest in those younger than five years of age and among immunocompromised individuals.
Pneumonia accounts for six out of ten measles associated deaths. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis SSPE is a rare 1 per cases and fatal degenerative central nervous system disease caused by a persistent infection with a mutant measles virus.
The onset is several years after the episode of measles on average seven years and most affected children had measles before two years of age. Infants are protected from birth against measles by maternal antibodies if the mother is immune to measles.
This passive immunity gradually disappears over the second half of the first year of life. Infants with partial passive immunity may develop milder and shorter episodes of measles that still confers lasting immunity.
Epidemiology The EU measles case definition for the purpose of epidemiological surveillance can be reviewed here. In the pre-vaccine era, measles was endemic in Europe and most people would be infected during childhood.
Regular outbreaks occurred at 2—5 year intervals in most populations, and few people would remain susceptible beyond 20 years of age. Immunisation against measles started in the s and has dramatically changed the epidemiology of the disease. Measles is no longer endemic in most European countries but outbreaks resulting from imported index cases remain common in countries where subgroups of the population have low levels of immunity.
The annual number of confirmed measles cases in Europe has been in the thousands since and several countries, including Austria, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland and the UK, experienced outbreaks in recent years. Most measles outbreaks in Europe are the result of measles imported from another European country. Routine measles immunisation in childhood leads to widening intervals between epidemics during which the group of susceptible individuals builds up.
This results in a shift towards older children and young adults in the age distribution of cases during epidemics. Humans are the only natural host of the virus and measles meets the following criteria for a disease that can be eradicated: No animal or environmental reservoir. Accurate diagnostic tests are available. The measles vaccine is highly effective and safe. Measles transmission in large geographic areas has been demonstrated.
Global eradication of measles would occur when the last chain of transmission of measles virus is interrupted in every country. The report is available here. Mathematical models estimate the basic reproductive number at 12—18; that is the average number of secondary infections that follow a single introduction into a susceptible population.
The virus is transmitted from person to person via respiratory droplets produced when sick people cough and sneeze. Virus-containing droplets can remain in the air for several hours and the virus remains infectious on contaminated surfaces for up to two hours.
Infected people are considered contagious from about five days before the onset of rash to four days afterwards. Measles is maximally contagious during the prodromal phase which lasts for 2—4 days and is characterised by intense coughing.
Measles is highly contagious. Call your healthcare provider immediately if you think you or your child have been exposed. Measles is a highly contagious virus that lives in the nose and throat mucus of an infected person. It can spread to others through coughing and sneezing. If other people breathe the contaminated air or touch the infected surface , then touch their eyes, noses, or mouths, they can become infected. Infected people can spread measles to others from four days before through four days after the rash appears.
Measles virus can live for up to two hours in an airspace after an infected person leaves an area. An outbreak is when a disease happens in greater numbers than expected in a particular area. Measles outbreaks have been increasing worldwide, mostly due to people not being vaccinated. It's important for all kids who can get the vaccine to get it on time. At-risk people such as those with weak immune systems can't get the vaccine.
But when a lot of other people are immunized against a disease, it protects them, prevents the disease from spreading, and helps prevent outbreaks. Doctors can give an injection of measles antibodies called immune globulin to at-risk people who are exposed to measles. It's most effective when given within 6 days of contact.
These antibodies can either prevent measles or make symptoms less severe. The measles vaccine also can help protect unvaccinated people from getting sick after exposure to measles if they get it within 3 days. Call the doctor right away if you think that your child has measles. Also call if your child was around someone who has measles, especially if your child:.
Reviewed by: Michelle P. Tellado, MD. Larger text size Large text size Regular text size. What Is Measles? Is Measles Contagious? How Do People Get Measles? How Is Measles Treated? There is no specific medical treatment for measles.
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